How can user permissions and access control be limited in MySQL?

In MySQL, user privileges and access control can be restricted in several ways such as:

1. Admins can grant or revoke user permissions using the GRANT statement. This allows admins to assign specific permissions such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE to users. The REVOKE statement can be used to revoke a user’s permissions.
2. Create a new user using the CREATE USER statement and modify the user’s permissions using the ALTER USER statement.
3. Granting users the permission to give the permissions they own to other users is enabled by using the GRANT OPTION.
4. Utilize database and table-level permissions control. Specific users can be granted permissions for specific databases or tables, for example, granting SELECT permission on database_name.table_name to ‘user’@’host’.
5. Control access using IP addresses and hostnames. Users can be restricted to only connecting to the database server from specific IP addresses or hostnames.
6. Use passwords to restrict user access. User access to the database can be limited by setting passwords.
7. Protect user connections using SSL/TLS encryption. Configure the connection between MySQL server and clients to use SSL/TLS encryption to ensure the security of data transmission.

Using the above methods can effectively control user permissions and access control, enhancing the security and stability of the database.