{"id":49897,"date":"2022-12-10T03:07:15","date_gmt":"2023-07-08T03:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b-django\/"},"modified":"2024-04-29T04:33:17","modified_gmt":"2024-04-28T20:33:17","slug":"%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b-django","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b-django\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5f00\u59cb Django"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a Django<\/h1>\n

\u6211\u4f1a\u6839\u636eDjango\u7684Web\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5efa\u8bbe\u6559\u7a0b\u6765\u8bb0\u5f55\u57fa\u672c\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u662f\u5728MacOS Sierra 10.12.6\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7528\u6237\u62b1\u6b49\uff0c\u6b64\u8bb0\u5f55\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3aDjango\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5230\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5168\u6808\u6846\u67b6\u3002Django\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8<\/div>\n

\u57fa\u672c\u67b6\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f53\u6536\u5230HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\u65f6\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u4e0eURL\u8def\u5f84\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u89c6\u56fe(View)\uff0c\u89c6\u56fe\u4ece\u6a21\u578b(Model)\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u677f(Template)\u5bf9\u7f51\u9875\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7HTTP\u54cd\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de\u7f51\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728 Model \u7684 Database \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u65e0\u9700\u7f16\u5199 SQL\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6574\u6cbb\u73af\u5883<\/h1>\n

\u4f7f\u7528pip\u5b89\u88c5Django\u3002<\/p>\n

$ <\/span>pip install <\/span>django\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u5148\u6aa2\u67e5\u5df2\u5b89\u88dd\u7684Django\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python -m<\/span> django --version<\/span>\r\n2.0.5\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0cDjango\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>django-admin startproject mysite\r\n$ <\/span>cd <\/span>mysite\r\n\r\nmysite\/\r\n    manage.py\r\n    mysite\/\r\n        __init__.py\r\n        settings.py\r\n        urls.py\r\n        wsgi.py\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5f00\u542f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbf\u95eehttp:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u663e\u793aDjango\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u73af\u5883\u5df2\u7ecf\u642d\u5efa\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python manage.py runserver\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/h1>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528manage.py\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python manage.py startapp polls\r\npolls\/\r\n    __init__.py\r\n    admin.py\r\n    apps.py\r\n    migrations\/\r\n        __init__.py\r\n    models.py\r\n    tests.py\r\n    views.py\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6700\u521d\u7684URL Routing\u4f4d\u4e8eurls.py\u4e2d\uff0cView\u4f4d\u4e8eviews.py\u4e2d\uff0cModel\u4f4d\u4e8emodels.py\u4e2d\u3002
\n\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u7f16\u5199View\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3aResponse\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528model\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/polls\/views.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.http<\/span> import<\/span> HttpResponse<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\ndef<\/span> index<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    return<\/span> HttpResponse<\/span>(<\/span>\"Hello, world. You're at the polls index.\"<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5173\u4e8eURL\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u66f4\u6539\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0b\u7684url.py\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684url.py\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
#mysite\/polls\/urls.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.conf.urls<\/span> import<\/span> url<\/span>\r\n\r\nfrom<\/span> .<\/span> import<\/span> views<\/span>\r\n\r\nurlpatterns<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n    url<\/span>(<\/span>r<\/span>'^$'<\/span>,<\/span> views<\/span>.<\/span>index<\/span>,<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>'index'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
# mysite\/mysite\/urls.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.conf.urls<\/span> import<\/span> include<\/span>,<\/span> url<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.contrib<\/span> import<\/span> admin<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.urls<\/span> import<\/span> path<\/span>\r\n\r\nurlpatterns<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n    url<\/span>(<\/span>r<\/span>'^polls\/'<\/span>,<\/span> include<\/span>(<\/span>'polls.urls'<\/span>)),<\/span>\r\n    path<\/span>(<\/span>'admin\/'<\/span>,<\/span> admin<\/span>.<\/span>site<\/span>.<\/span>urls<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u53ea\u9700\u6309\u7167\u5148\u524d\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u542f\u52a8\u5f00\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbf\u95eehttp:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/polls\/\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u663e\u793aviews.py\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\"\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8<\/div>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b<\/h1>\n
\u6dfb\u52a0\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4fee\u6539View\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u4ece\u6a21\u578b\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u4f7f\u7528ORM\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c06\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aQuestion\u7684\u8868\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aChoice\u7684\u8868\u3002Question\u8868\u5c06\u5305\u542bquestion_text\u5b57\u6bb5\u548cpub_date\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0cChoice\u8868\u5c06\u5305\u542bquestion\u5b57\u6bb5\u3001choice_text\u5b57\u6bb5\u548cvote\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/polls\/models.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.db<\/span> import<\/span> models<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Question<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question_text<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    pub_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateTimeField<\/span>(<\/span>'date published'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Choice<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>Question<\/span>,<\/span> on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    choice_text<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    votes<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>IntegerField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528Django\u63cf\u8ff0\u6a21\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5e2e\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u683c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u7528\u4e8e\u4ecePython\u8bbf\u95ee\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684API\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728settings.py\u4e2d\u6ce8\u518c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/mysite\/settings.py\r\n<\/span>INSTALLED_APPS<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n    'polls.apps.PollsConfig'<\/span>,<\/span> # <= \u8ffd\u52a0                                                                                \r\n<\/span>    'django.contrib.admin'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.auth'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.contenttypes'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.sessions'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.messages'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.staticfiles'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728Django\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528SQLite\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/mysite\/settings.py\r\n<\/span>DATABASES<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n    'default'<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n        'ENGINE'<\/span>:<\/span> 'django.db.backends.sqlite3'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'NAME'<\/span>:<\/span> os<\/span>.<\/span>path<\/span>.<\/span>join<\/span>(<\/span>BASE_DIR<\/span>,<\/span> 'db.sqlite3'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n    }<\/span>\r\n}<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5982\u679c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528MySQL\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u8bf7\u4fee\u6539settings.py\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5e94\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u66f4\u6539\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python manage.py makemigrations polls\r\nMigrations for<\/span> 'polls'<\/span>:\r\n  polls\/migrations\/0001_initial.py\r\n    - Create model Choice\r\n    - Create model Question\r\n    - Add field question to choice\r\n\r\n$ <\/span>python manage.py migrate\r\nOperations to perform:\r\n  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions\r\nRunning migrations:\r\n  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK\r\n  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK\r\n  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK\r\n  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK\r\n  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK\r\n  Applying polls.0001_initial... OK\r\n  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u521d\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/h1>\n
\u5728Django\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u9875\u9762\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u5230\u521a\u521a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python manage.py createsuperuser\r\nUsername : admin\r\nEmail address: admin@example.com\r\nPassword: \r\nPassword (<\/span>again)<\/span>: \r\nSuperuser created successfully.\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6dfb\u52a0\u9009\u9879\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u6295\u7968\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/polls\/admin.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.contrib<\/span> import<\/span> admin<\/span>\r\n\r\nfrom<\/span> .models<\/span> import<\/span> Question<\/span>\r\n\r\nadmin<\/span>.<\/span>site<\/span>.<\/span>register<\/span>(<\/span>Question<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\"\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8<\/div>\n
\"\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8<\/div>\n
\u5728Djongo\u7684shell\u4e2d\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5b58\u5165\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
$ <\/span>python manage.py shell\r\nPython 3.6.4 (<\/span>default, Mar  1 2018, 18:36:42)<\/span> \r\n[<\/span>GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (<\/span>clang-900.0.39.2)]<\/span> on darwin\r\nType \"help\"<\/span>, \"copyright\"<\/span>, \"credits\"<\/span> or \"license\"<\/span> for <\/span>more information.\r\n(<\/span>InteractiveConsole)<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> from polls.models import Question, Choice\r\n>>><\/span> Question.objects.all()<\/span>\r\n<QuerySet [<\/span><Question: Question object (<\/span>1)>]><\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8c03\u6574View<\/h1>\n
\u4fee\u6539\u4ee3\u7801\u4ee5\u5728\u89c6\u56fe\u4e2d\u4ece\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6b21\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u786e\u8ba4\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u53d6\u51fa\u5148\u524d\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u663e\u793a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
# mysite\/polls\/views.py\r\n<\/span>from<\/span> django.http<\/span> import<\/span> HttpResponse<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> .models<\/span> import<\/span> Question<\/span>\r\n\r\ndef<\/span> index<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    q<\/span> =<\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>id<\/span>=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    return<\/span> HttpResponse<\/span>(<\/span>q<\/span>.<\/span>question_text<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\"\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8<\/div>\n
\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u7406\u89e3\u4e86Django\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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