{"id":49836,"date":"2023-08-30T03:40:13","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T16:27:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/django-%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e8%87%aa%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89%e6%96%b9%e5%bc%8f\/"},"modified":"2024-04-30T20:41:18","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T12:41:18","slug":"django-%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e8%87%aa%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89%e6%96%b9%e5%bc%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/django-%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e8%87%aa%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89%e6%96%b9%e5%bc%8f\/","title":{"rendered":"Django \u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<\/h2>\n

\u6211\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5173\u4e8eDjango\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9\u627e\u5230\u3002
\nhttps:\/\/docs.djangoproject.com\/ja\/2.0\/topics\/auth\/customizing\/#using-a-custom-user-model-when-starting-a-project<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728Django\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u5236\u5316\u7684User\u3002
\n\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u5728Django\u4e2d\u5e94\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684User\u3002<\/p>\n

Django 2.0.1\u7684\u7248\u672c<\/p>\n

\u5b9a\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h2>\n

\u6211\u5011\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4f5c\u696d\u6b65\u9a5f\u3002<\/p>\n

1. \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a “users” \u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002
\n2. \u5728 “users.models” \u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea “AbstractBaseUser” \u7684 “User” \u7c7b\u3002
\n3. \u5728 “users.admin” \u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea “UserAdmin” \u7684\u7c7b\u3002
\n4. \u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49 “AUTH_USER_MODEL = ‘users.User'”\u3002
\n5. \u68c0\u67e5\u5bf9 “django.contrib.admin” \u548c “django.contrib.auth” \u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c06\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u518d\u5229\u7528\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u80fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5355\u72ec\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300cusers\u300d\u662fcookiecutter-django\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7edf\u4e00\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002
\n\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528cookiecutter-django<\/p>\n

\u6458\u8981\u7528\u6237\u8fd8\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6237\uff1f<\/h3>\n

\u5728\u5b9a\u5236\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7ee7\u627fAbstractUser\u6216\u8005\u7ee7\u627fAbstractBaseUser\u3002<\/p>\n

AbstractUser\u662fAbstractBaseUser\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\n\u57fa\u4e8eAbstractUser\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u5236\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u7f16\u7801\u91cf\u8f83\u5c11\uff1b\u800c\u4f7f\u7528AbstractBaseUser\uff0c\u5219\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u7f16\u7801\u91cf\u8f83\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528AbstractUser\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3AbstractUser\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528AbstractBaseUser\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528AbstractBaseUser\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u30fbAbstractBaseUser\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u5f39\u6027\u3002
\n\u30fb\u7531\u4e8e\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u77e5\u9053\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002
\n\u30fb\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5982\uff1afirst_name\u3001last_name\u3001email\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7acb\u5373\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n

\u641c\u7d22\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u300cAbstractUser vs AbstractBaseUser\u300d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8bf7\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801<\/h2>\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6839\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u30fb\u5c06id\u66f4\u6539\u4e3aUUID
\n\u30fb\u5220\u9664first_name\u548clast_name\uff0c\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0full_name
\n\u30fb\u6dfb\u52a0\u6240\u5c5e\uff08department\uff09\u3002\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u517c\u4efbNxN\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5c06\u767b\u5f55ID\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u5730\u5740\u7684\u53d8\u66f4\u3002
\n\u5728narito\u535a\u5ba2\u7684Django\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u7ee7\u627f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\r\nINSTALLED_APPS<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.admin'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.auth'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.contenttypes'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.sessions'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.messages'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'django.contrib.staticfiles'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    'users'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>\r\n\r\n# Application definition\r\n<\/span>AUTH_USER_MODEL<\/span> =<\/span> 'users.User'<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\r\nfrom<\/span> django.db<\/span> import<\/span> models<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.contrib.auth.models<\/span> import<\/span> AbstractBaseUser<\/span>,<\/span> PermissionsMixin<\/span>,<\/span> UserManager<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.contrib.auth.validators<\/span> import<\/span> UnicodeUsernameValidator<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.utils<\/span> import<\/span> timezone<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.utils.translation<\/span> import<\/span> gettext_lazy<\/span> as<\/span> _<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.core.mail<\/span> import<\/span> send_mail<\/span>\r\nimport<\/span> uuid<\/span> as<\/span> uuid_lib<\/span>\r\n\r\n# Create your models here.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Department<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    \"\"\"\u6240\u5c5e \u517c\u4efb\u53ef\"\"\"<\/span>\r\n\r\n    name<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'\u6240\u5c5e'<\/span>),<\/span> max_length<\/span>=<\/span>150<\/span>,<\/span> blank<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> __str__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>\r\n\r\n    class<\/span> Meta<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        verbose_name<\/span> =<\/span> _<\/span>(<\/span>'\u6240\u5c5e'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n        verbose_name_plural<\/span> =<\/span> _<\/span>(<\/span>'\u6240\u5c5e'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> User<\/span>(<\/span>AbstractBaseUser<\/span>,<\/span> PermissionsMixin<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    \"\"\"\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc AbstractUser\u3092\u30b3\u30d4\u30da\u3057\u7de8\u96c6\"\"\"<\/span>\r\n\r\n    uuid<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>UUIDField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>uuid_lib<\/span>.<\/span>uuid4<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n                            primary_key<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> editable<\/span>=<\/span>False<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    username_validator<\/span> =<\/span> UnicodeUsernameValidator<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n\r\n    username<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        _<\/span>(<\/span>'username'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        max_length<\/span>=<\/span>150<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        unique<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        help_text<\/span>=<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n            'Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @\/.\/+\/-\/_ only.'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        validators<\/span>=<\/span>[<\/span>username_validator<\/span>],<\/span>\r\n        error_messages<\/span>=<\/span>{<\/span>\r\n            'unique'<\/span>:<\/span> _<\/span>(<\/span>\"A user with that username already exists.\"<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        },<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    full_name<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'\u6c0f\u540d'<\/span>),<\/span> max_length<\/span>=<\/span>150<\/span>,<\/span> blank<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    email<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>EmailField<\/span>(<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'email address'<\/span>),<\/span> blank<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    departments<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ManyToManyField<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        Department<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        verbose_name<\/span>=<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'\u6240\u5c5e'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        blank<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        help_text<\/span>=<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'Specific Departments for this user.'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        related_name<\/span>=<\/span>\"user_set\"<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        related_query_name<\/span>=<\/span>\"user\"<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n\r\n    is_staff<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        _<\/span>(<\/span>'staff status'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        default<\/span>=<\/span>False<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        help_text<\/span>=<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n            'Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    is_active<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        _<\/span>(<\/span>'active'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n        default<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        help_text<\/span>=<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n            'Designates whether this user should be treated as active. '<\/span>\r\n            'Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.'<\/span>\r\n        ),<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    date_joined<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateTimeField<\/span>(<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'date joined'<\/span>),<\/span> default<\/span>=<\/span>timezone<\/span>.<\/span>now<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    objects<\/span> =<\/span> UserManager<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n\r\n    EMAIL_FIELD<\/span> =<\/span> 'email'<\/span>\r\n    USERNAME_FIELD<\/span> =<\/span> 'username'<\/span>\r\n    REQUIRED_FIELDS<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>'email'<\/span>,<\/span> ]<\/span>\r\n\r\n    class<\/span> Meta<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        verbose_name<\/span> =<\/span> _<\/span>(<\/span>'user'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n        verbose_name_plural<\/span> =<\/span> _<\/span>(<\/span>'users'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> clean<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        super<\/span>().<\/span>clean<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>email<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>__class__<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>normalize_email<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>.<\/span>email<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> email_user<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> subject<\/span>,<\/span> message<\/span>,<\/span> from_email<\/span>=<\/span>None<\/span>,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        \"\"\"Send an email to this user.\"\"\"<\/span>\r\n        send_mail<\/span>(<\/span>subject<\/span>,<\/span> message<\/span>,<\/span> from_email<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>self<\/span>.<\/span>email<\/span>],<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    # \u65e2\u5b58\u30e1\u30bd\u30c3\u30c9\u306e\u5909\u66f4\r\n<\/span>    def<\/span> get_full_name<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>full_name<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> get_short_name<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>full_name<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\r\nfrom<\/span> .models<\/span> import<\/span> User<\/span>,<\/span> Department<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.contrib.auth.admin<\/span> import<\/span> UserAdmin<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.contrib<\/span> import<\/span> admin<\/span>\r\nfrom<\/span> django.utils.translation<\/span> import<\/span> gettext<\/span>,<\/span> gettext_lazy<\/span> as<\/span> _<\/span>\r\n\r\n# Register your models here.\r\n<\/span>@<\/span>admin<\/span>.<\/span>register<\/span>(<\/span>Department<\/span>)<\/span>\r\nclass<\/span> AdminDepartment<\/span>(<\/span>admin<\/span>.<\/span>ModelAdmin<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    pass<\/span>\r\n\r\n@<\/span>admin<\/span>.<\/span>register<\/span>(<\/span>User<\/span>)<\/span>\r\nclass<\/span> AdminUserAdmin<\/span>(<\/span>UserAdmin<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n\r\n    fieldsets<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>\r\n        (<\/span>None<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>'fields'<\/span>:<\/span> (<\/span>'username'<\/span>,<\/span> 'password'<\/span>)}),<\/span>\r\n        (<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'Personal info'<\/span>),<\/span> {<\/span>'fields'<\/span>:<\/span> (<\/span>'full_name'<\/span>,<\/span> 'email'<\/span>,<\/span>'departments'<\/span>)}),<\/span>\r\n        (<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'Permissions'<\/span>),<\/span> {<\/span>'fields'<\/span>:<\/span> (<\/span>'is_active'<\/span>,<\/span> 'is_staff'<\/span>,<\/span> 'is_superuser'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n                                       'groups'<\/span>,<\/span> 'user_permissions'<\/span>)}),<\/span>\r\n        (<\/span>_<\/span>(<\/span>'Important dates'<\/span>),<\/span> {<\/span>'fields'<\/span>:<\/span> (<\/span>'last_login'<\/span>,<\/span> 'date_joined'<\/span>)}),<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    list_display<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>'username'<\/span>,<\/span> 'email'<\/span>,<\/span> 'full_name'<\/span>,<\/span> 'is_staff'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    search_fields<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>'username'<\/span>,<\/span> 'full_name'<\/span>,<\/span> 'email'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    filter_horizontal<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>'groups'<\/span>,<\/span> 'user_permissions'<\/span>,<\/span>'departments'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u60a8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
\"image.png\"<\/div>\n
\u8bf7\u67e5\u770b<\/h2>\n
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Django\u7ba1\u7406\u754c\u9762\u53cd\u5411\u6aa2\u7d22\u7b46\u8a18<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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