{"id":49651,"date":"2022-11-04T14:34:52","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T04:21:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/%e6%88%91%e8%af%95%e7%9d%80%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e4%ba%86django%e6%95%99%e7%a8%8b%e3%80%82\/"},"modified":"2024-04-28T22:59:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-28T14:59:10","slug":"%e6%88%91%e8%af%95%e7%9d%80%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e4%ba%86django%e6%95%99%e7%a8%8b%e3%80%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/%e6%88%91%e8%af%95%e7%9d%80%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e4%ba%86django%e6%95%99%e7%a8%8b%e3%80%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6211\u8bd5\u7740\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86Django\u6559\u7a0b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u00b6<\/h1>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u88ab\u5361\u5728\u4e86\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528 django-admin \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u53ea\u9700\u901a\u8fc7 pip install django \u5b89\u88c5\u5c31\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u7528\u3002\u539f\u6765\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u5148\u5b89\u88c5 virtualenv\u3002<\/p>\n

python3<\/span> -<\/span>m<\/span> venv<\/span> venv<\/span>\r\n.<\/span> venv<\/span>\/<\/span>bin<\/span>\/<\/span>activate<\/span>\r\npip<\/span> install<\/span> django<\/span>\r\ndjango<\/span>-<\/span>admin<\/span> version<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u5df2\u51c6\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u539f\u7248\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n
$<\/span> python<\/span> -<\/span>m<\/span> django<\/span> --<\/span>version<\/span>\r\n3.1<\/span>.<\/span>6<\/span>\r\n\r\n$<\/span> django<\/span>-<\/span>admin<\/span> startproject<\/span> mysite<\/span>\r\n\r\n$<\/span> ll<\/span>\r\ntotal<\/span> 4.0<\/span>K<\/span>\r\ndrwxr<\/span>-<\/span>xr<\/span>-<\/span>x<\/span>  4<\/span> user1<\/span> user1<\/span>   32<\/span> 2021<\/span>-<\/span>02<\/span>-<\/span>05<\/span> 14<\/span>:<\/span>38<\/span>:<\/span>27<\/span> .<\/span>\r\ndrwxrwxrwx<\/span> 17<\/span> user1<\/span> user1<\/span> 4.0<\/span>K<\/span> 2021<\/span>-<\/span>02<\/span>-<\/span>05<\/span> 14<\/span>:<\/span>11<\/span>:<\/span>33<\/span> ..<\/span>\r\ndrwxr<\/span>-<\/span>xr<\/span>-<\/span>x<\/span>  3<\/span> user1<\/span> user1<\/span>   37<\/span> 2021<\/span>-<\/span>02<\/span>-<\/span>05<\/span> 14<\/span>:<\/span>38<\/span>:<\/span>21<\/span> mysite<\/span>\r\ndrwxr<\/span>-<\/span>xr<\/span>-<\/span>x<\/span>  5<\/span> user1<\/span> user1<\/span>  100<\/span> 2021<\/span>-<\/span>02<\/span>-<\/span>05<\/span> 14<\/span>:<\/span>34<\/span>:<\/span>16<\/span> venv<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u6559\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e86\u89e3\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\nmysite<\/span>\/<\/span>\r\n    __init__<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\n    settings<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\n    urls<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\n    asgi<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\n    wsgi<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6211\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f…\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3amysite\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
mysite\/settings.py: \u8fd9\u4e2aDjango\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\/\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002Django\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5c06\u5411\u60a8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
settings.py\u662fmysite\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u662fmanage.py\u5c5e\u4e8eroot\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n\u8ddf\u6211\u60f3\u7684\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n
ASGI\u3001WSGI\u662f\u5173\u4e8eWeb\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6682\u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4 “python manage.py runserver”\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: \u9700\u8981SQLite 3.8.3\u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\u7248\u672c\uff08\u53d1\u73b03.7.17\uff09\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f16\u5199\u60a8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206<\/h1>\n
\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h2>\n
DB\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff1ahttps:\/\/docs.djangoproject.com\/en\/3.1\/ref\/databases\/#mysql-notes\u3002<\/p>\n
CREATE<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> django<\/span> CHARACTER<\/span> SET<\/span> utf8<\/span>;<\/span>\r\nCREATE<\/span> USER<\/span> 'django'<\/span>@<\/span>'%'<\/span> IDENTIFIED<\/span> WITH<\/span> mysql_native_password<\/span> AS<\/span> '***'<\/span>;<\/span>\r\nGRANT<\/span> ALL<\/span> PRIVILEGES<\/span> ON<\/span> *<\/span>.<\/span>*<\/span> TO<\/span> 'django'<\/span>@<\/span>'%'<\/span> REQUIRE<\/span> NONE<\/span> WITH<\/span> GRANT<\/span> OPTION<\/span> MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR<\/span> 0<\/span> MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR<\/span> 0<\/span> MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR<\/span> 0<\/span> MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>\r\nCREATE<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> IF<\/span> NOT<\/span> EXISTS<\/span> `django`<\/span>;<\/span>\r\nGRANT<\/span> ALL<\/span> PRIVILEGES<\/span> ON<\/span> `django`<\/span>.<\/span>*<\/span> TO<\/span> 'django'<\/span>@<\/span>'%'<\/span>;<\/span>GRANT<\/span> ALL<\/span> PRIVILEGES<\/span> ON<\/span> `django<\/span>\\_<\/span>%`<\/span>.<\/span>*<\/span> TO<\/span> 'django'<\/span>@<\/span>'%'<\/span>;<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    settings.py<\/ul>\n
    \r\nDATABASES<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n    'default'<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n        'ENGINE'<\/span>:<\/span> 'django.db.backends.mysql'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'OPTIONS'<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n            'read_default_file'<\/span>:<\/span> '\/kc\/my.cnf'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        },<\/span>\r\n    }<\/span>\r\n}<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u6211\u7684.cnf<\/p>\n
    [client]\r\ndatabase = db.example.com\r\nuser = django\r\npassword = django\r\ndefault-character-set = utf8\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u5728Python\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528pip\u5b89\u88c5mysqlclient\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u770b\u6211\u7684.cnf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
    \r\nDATABASES<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n    'default'<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n        'ENGINE'<\/span>:<\/span> 'django.db.backends.mysql'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'NAME'<\/span>:<\/span> 'django'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'USER'<\/span>:<\/span> \"django\"<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'PASSWORD'<\/span>:<\/span> \"django\"<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'HOST'<\/span>:<\/span> \"db.example.com\"<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'PORT'<\/span>:<\/span> 3306<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        'OPTIONS'<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n            'sql_mode'<\/span>:<\/span> 'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n            'charset'<\/span>:<\/span> 'utf8mb4'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n            'init_command'<\/span>:<\/span> 'SET '<\/span>\r\n                            'character_set_connection=utf8mb4,'<\/span>\r\n                            'collation_connection=utf8_general_ci'<\/span>\r\n        }<\/span>\r\n    }<\/span>\r\n}<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4 python manage.py migrate<\/p>\n
    MySQL > \u663e\u793a\u8868\uff1b
    \n+—————————-+
    \n| Tables_in_django |
    \n+—————————-+
    \n| auth_group |
    \n| auth_group_permissions |
    \n| auth_permission |
    \n| auth_user |
    \n| auth_user_groups |
    \n| auth_user_user_permissions |
    \n| django_admin_log |
    \n| django_content_type |
    \n| django_migrations |
    \n| django_session |
    \n+—————————-+
    \n\u5171 10 \u884c\uff080.07 \u79d2\uff09<\/p>\n
    \u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/h1>\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4 “python manage.py runserver”\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\uff01<\/p>\n
    \u5b89\u88c5\u6210\u529f\u4e86\uff01\u606d\u559c\uff01<\/p>\n
    \u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9879\u76ee\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u55ef\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a”\u9879\u76ee”\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
    \u6211\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0b\u9762\u7684mysite\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
    python manage.py startapp polls\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u6309\u7167\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u6307\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709 polls\/urls.py \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f<\/p>\n
    \u6bcf\u5f53Django\u9047\u5230include()\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u622a\u53d6\u4e0e\u4e4b\u524d\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684URL\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53d1\u9001\u7ed9\u5305\u542b\u7684URLconf\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
    \u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a path(”) \uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a \/polls\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u53ea\u6709\u4e86\u89e3Django\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u68d2\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u64b0\u5199\u5173\u4e8e\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u6a21\u578b<\/h2>\n
    \u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\uff1ainit\uff08\uff09\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570’on_delete’\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u6539\u540e\u6210\u529f\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n
    \r\nclass<\/span> Choise<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        Question<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    choice_text<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    votes<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>IntegerField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4 “python manage.py makemigrations polls” \u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u4ef6\uff1apolls\/migrations\/0001_initial.py<\/p>\n
    \u539f\u6587: sql\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3089python\u306a\u3093\u3060\u306a\u3002
    \nParaphrased: \u6211\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662fsql\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u662fpython\u554a\u3002<\/p>\n
    \r\n    operations<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n        migrations<\/span>.<\/span>CreateModel<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n            name<\/span>=<\/span>'Question'<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n            fields<\/span>=<\/span>[<\/span>\r\n                (<\/span>'id'<\/span>,<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>AutoField<\/span>(<\/span>auto_created<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> primary_key<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> serialize<\/span>=<\/span>False<\/span>,<\/span> verbose_name<\/span>=<\/span>'ID'<\/span>)),<\/span>\r\n                (<\/span>'question_text'<\/span>,<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)),<\/span>\r\n                (<\/span>'pub_date'<\/span>,<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateTimeField<\/span>(<\/span>verbose_name<\/span>=<\/span>'date published'<\/span>)),<\/span>\r\n            ],<\/span>\r\n        ),<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u7684\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5462\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u521b\u5efa\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c8\u4e00\u4e0bSQL\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5176\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\uff08\u5982PaaS\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2aSQL\u8bed\u53e5\u4f20\u9001\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u5373\u53ef\uff01<\/p>\n
    $<\/span> python<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> sqlmigrate<\/span> polls<\/span> 0001<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>--<\/span>\r\n-- Create model Question<\/span>\r\n--<\/span>\r\nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> `polls_question`<\/span> (<\/span>`id`<\/span> integer<\/span> AUTO_INCREMENT<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span> `question_text`<\/span> varchar<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span> `pub_date`<\/span> datetime<\/span>(<\/span>6<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>);<\/span>\r\n--<\/span>\r\n-- Create model Choise<\/span>\r\n--<\/span>\r\nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> `polls_choise`<\/span> (<\/span>`id`<\/span> integer<\/span> AUTO_INCREMENT<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span> `choice_text`<\/span> varchar<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span> `votes`<\/span> integer<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span> `question_id`<\/span> integer<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>);<\/span>\r\nALTER<\/span> TABLE<\/span> `polls_choise`<\/span> ADD<\/span> CONSTRAINT<\/span> `polls_choise_question_id_4bd8457d_fk_polls_question_id`<\/span> FOREIGN<\/span> KEY<\/span> (<\/span>`question_id`<\/span>)<\/span> REFERENCES<\/span> `polls_question`<\/span> (<\/span>`id`<\/span>);<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u53ea\u6267\u884c\u8fc1\u79fb\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8868\u5c31\u521b\u5efa\u597d\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n
    $<\/span> python<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> migrate<\/span>\r\nOperations<\/span> to<\/span> perform:\r\n  <\/span>Apply<\/span> all<\/span> migrations: <\/span>admin<\/span>,<\/span> auth<\/span>,<\/span> contenttypes<\/span>,<\/span> polls<\/span>,<\/span> sessions<\/span>\r\nRunning<\/span> migrations:\r\n  <\/span>Applying<\/span> polls<\/span>.<\/span>0001<\/span>_initial<\/span>...<\/span> OK<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u6211\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62fc\u5199\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u628aChoice\u8bef\u5199\u6210\u4e86Choise\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4fee\u6539models.py\u6587\u4ef6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n
    class<\/span> Choice<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>\r\n        Question<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n        on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>\r\n    )<\/span>\r\n    choice_text<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    votes<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>IntegerField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    python<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> makemigrations<\/span>\r\npython<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> sqlmigrate<\/span> polls<\/span> 0002<\/span>\r\npython<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> migrate<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u4ec5\u9700\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1aRENAME TABLE polls_choise TO polls_choice; \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u6267\u884c\uff01\uff01\uff01\u592a\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\uff01\u771f\u662f\u592a\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\uff01\uff01\uff01<\/p>\n
    \u4f7f\u7528manage.py\u6253\u5f00shell\u754c\u9762<\/h2>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u8bd5\u5de5\u5177\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\uff01\u5f53SQL\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f1a\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u76f4\u5230django.setup()\u90fd\u6709\u70b9\u70e6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
    $<\/span> python<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> shell<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> import<\/span> django<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> django<\/span>.<\/span>setup<\/span>()<\/span>         <-----<\/span>\u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067\u6c7a\u308a\u6587\u53e5<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> from<\/span> polls<\/span>.<\/span>models<\/span> import<\/span> Question<\/span>,<\/span> Choice<\/span>              <-----<\/span>\u4f7f\u3046<\/span>table<\/span>\/<\/span>model<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n<<\/span>QuerySet<\/span> []<\/span>><\/span>\r\n\r\n# insert<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> from<\/span> django<\/span>.<\/span>utils<\/span> import<\/span> timezone<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span> =<\/span> Question<\/span>(<\/span>question_text<\/span>=<\/span>\"What's new?\"<\/span>,<\/span> pub_date<\/span>=<\/span>timezone<\/span>.<\/span>now<\/span>())<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span>\r\n<<\/span>bound<\/span> method<\/span> Model<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span> of<\/span> <<\/span>Question<\/span>:<\/span> Question<\/span> object<\/span> (<\/span>None<\/span>)<\/span>>><\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n\r\n# insert\u3055\u308c\u305fPK\u304c\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u306eobject\u3067\u898b\u308c\u308b\uff01<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>id<\/span>\r\n1<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>question_text<\/span>\r\n\"What's new?\"<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>pub_date<\/span>\r\ndatetime<\/span>.<\/span>datetime<\/span>(<\/span>2021<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 9<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 42<\/span>,<\/span> 28<\/span>,<\/span> 899072<\/span>,<\/span> tzinfo<\/span>=<<\/span>UTC<\/span>><\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n# update\u3057\u3066\u307f\u308b<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>question_text<\/span> =<\/span> \"What's up\"<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n<<\/span>QuerySet<\/span> [<\/span><<\/span>Question<\/span>:<\/span> Question<\/span> object<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>><\/span>]<\/span>><\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u53ea\u77e5\u9053pk=1\u7684\u8bdd\u5f88\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n
    \u7ed9\u6a21\u578b\u52a0\u4e0a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff01\uff01<\/p>\n
    class<\/span> Question<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question_text<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    pub_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateTimeField<\/span>(<\/span>'date published'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> __str__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>question_text<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8 shell \u624d\u80fd\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
    $<\/span> python<\/span> manage<\/span>.<\/span>py<\/span> shell<\/span>\r\nPython<\/span> 3.7<\/span>.<\/span>7<\/span> (<\/span>default<\/span>,<\/span> Jul<\/span> 16<\/span> 2020<\/span>,<\/span> 18<\/span>:<\/span>28<\/span>:<\/span>35<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n[<\/span>Clang<\/span> 10.0<\/span>.<\/span>1<\/span> (<\/span>clang<\/span>-<\/span>1001.0<\/span>.<\/span>46.4<\/span>)]<\/span> on<\/span> darwin<\/span>\r\nType<\/span> \"help\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"copyright\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"credits\"<\/span> or<\/span> \"license\"<\/span> for<\/span> more<\/span> information<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n(<\/span>InteractiveConsole<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> import<\/span> django<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> django<\/span>.<\/span>setup<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> from<\/span> polls.models<\/span> import<\/span> *<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n<<\/span>QuerySet<\/span> [<\/span><<\/span>Question<\/span>:<\/span> What<\/span>'s up>]>       <------- \u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u898b\u3048\u305f\uff01\r\n<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 pk \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u3002<\/h3>\n
    \u8868\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a id \u7684\u5217\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 pk \u6765\u8868\u793a id=1 \u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\uff01<\/p>\n
    >>><\/span> q<\/span> =<\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>pk<\/span>=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n>>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>was_published_recently<\/span>()<\/span>\r\nTrue<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u5728\u521b\u5efarelations\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709.save()\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/h3>\n
    >>><\/span> q<\/span>.<\/span>choice_set<\/span>.<\/span>create<\/span>(<\/span>choice_text<\/span>=<\/span>'Not much'<\/span>,<\/span> votes<\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e00\u6267\u884c\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053”choice_set”\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u662f\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u8054\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u5427\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206<\/h1>\n
    \u6fc0\u6d3b\u7ba1\u7406\u5458<\/h2>\n
    \u6309\u7167\u6559\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u4f5c\u6a21\u578b\u65f6\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u592a\u5389\u5bb3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
    python manage.py createsuperuser\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\/login\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n
    http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/login (\u8bf7\u5c06\u6b64\u94fe\u63a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u5730\u5740\u680f\u4e2d)<\/p>\n
    \u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u5462\uff1f \u2192 DB\u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u6539\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n
    SELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> `django_admin_log`<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u64cd\u4f5c\u624d\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u7528\u9014\u4e0d\u592a\u660e\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u901a\u8fc7 fieldsets \u5bf9 admin panel \u8fdb\u884c\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5728 column \u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 HTML \u7684 header\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u8fd9\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8df3\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e2a\u597d\u4e3b\u610f…<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u00b6<\/h1>\n
    \u521b\u5efaHTML\u89c6\u56fe\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u592a\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3aAPI\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd8\u662f\u505a\u4e00\u4e0b\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n
    urlpatterns<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\r\n    url<\/span>(<\/span>r<\/span>'^$'<\/span>,<\/span> views<\/span>.<\/span>index<\/span>,<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>'index'<\/span>),<\/span>\r\n]<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u5f53\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002
    \n\u4e0d\u662f\u7528path()\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528url()\u5417\uff1f
    \n\u76f4\u63a5\u66ff\u6362\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528Jinja\uff0c\u4f46\u59d1\u4e14\u5148\u7528\u5b83\u3002Django\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8bfb\u53d6\u6a21\u677f\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
    \n\u901a\u8fc7context\u5c06\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9template.render()\u3002
    \n\u7136\u540e\u94fe\u63a5\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6dfb\u52a0\u3002
    \n\u554a\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u662f\u5728Jinja\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u539f\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u5b9e\u65f6\u6e32\u67d3<\/h2>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u548c\u90a3\u4e2a\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
    def<\/span> index<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    latest_question_list<\/span> =<\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>order_by<\/span>(<\/span>'-pub_date'<\/span>)[:<\/span>5<\/span>]<\/span>\r\n    template<\/span> =<\/span> loader<\/span>.<\/span>get_template<\/span>(<\/span>'polls\/index.html'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    context<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\r\n        'latest_question_list'<\/span>:<\/span> latest_question_list<\/span>,<\/span>\r\n    }<\/span>\r\n    return<\/span> HttpResponse<\/span>(<\/span>template<\/span>.<\/span>render<\/span>(<\/span>context<\/span>,<\/span> request<\/span>))<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    def index(request):\r\n    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]\r\n    context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}\r\n    return render(request, 'polls\/index.html', context)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u8ba9\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n
    404<\/h2>\n
    \u5f53\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a404\u65f6<\/p>\n
    \u5728\/polls\/13\/\u5904\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u662f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u9875\u9762\uff08404\uff09<\/p>\n
    \u5728…\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c …zh\u012b<\/p>\n
    \u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/p>\n
    \u6559\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n
    404\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h3>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
    def<\/span> detail<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>,<\/span> question_id<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    try<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        question<\/span> =<\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>pk<\/span>=<\/span>question_id<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    except<\/span> Question<\/span>.<\/span>DoesNotExist<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        raise<\/span> Http404<\/span>(<\/span>\"Question does not exist\"<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    return<\/span> render<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>,<\/span> 'polls\/detail.html'<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>'question'<\/span>:<\/span> question<\/span>})<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\ndef<\/span> detail<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>,<\/span> question_id<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    question<\/span> =<\/span> get_object_or_404<\/span>(<\/span>Question<\/span>,<\/span> pk<\/span>=<\/span>question_id<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    return<\/span> render<\/span>(<\/span>request<\/span>,<\/span> 'polls\/detail.html'<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>'question'<\/span>:<\/span> question<\/span>})<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u6210\u4e3a\u4e86<\/p>\n
    view\u9019\u6a23\u61c9\u8a72\u53ef\u4ee5<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u00b6<\/h1>\n
    \u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u5173\u4e8eJinja\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b2c5\u90e8\u5206<\/h1>\n
    \u653e\u7f6e polls\/tests.py<\/p>\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4`python manage.py test polls`\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u5730\u5316\u7248\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u4f7f\u7528 Question(pub_date=time) \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u89c6\u56fe\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n
    \u4ecedjango.core.urlresolvers\u6a21\u5757\u5bfc\u5165reverse\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u7eca\u5012\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u8df3\u8fc7\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u5199\u4f60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2aDjango\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7b2c6\u90e8\u5206<\/h1>\n
    CSS\u8ffd\u52a0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n
    \u521b\u5efa \/polls\/static\/polls\/styles.css.<\/p>\n
    {% \u52a0\u8f7d\u9759\u6001\u6587\u4ef6 %}<\/p>\n
    \u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u55ef\uff0c\u6211\u7565\u6709\u4e86\u89e3 Django\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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