{"id":49550,"date":"2023-11-25T03:03:28","date_gmt":"2022-12-18T07:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/django-django-orm-%e7%ae%80%e7%9b%b4%e5%b0%b1%e5%83%8f%e9%ad%94%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%81%e5%ae%83%e8%83%bd%e5%81%9a%e4%bb%bb%e4%bd%95%e4%ba%8b%e6%83%85%e5%91%a2%ef%bc%88%e9%80%82%e5%90%88%e5%88%9d%e5%ad%a6\/"},"modified":"2024-05-04T10:40:07","modified_gmt":"2024-05-04T02:40:07","slug":"django-django-orm-%e7%ae%80%e7%9b%b4%e5%b0%b1%e5%83%8f%e9%ad%94%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%81%e5%ae%83%e8%83%bd%e5%81%9a%e4%bb%bb%e4%bd%95%e4%ba%8b%e6%83%85%e5%91%a2%ef%bc%88%e9%80%82%e5%90%88%e5%88%9d%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.silicloud.com\/zh\/blog\/django-django-orm-%e7%ae%80%e7%9b%b4%e5%b0%b1%e5%83%8f%e9%ad%94%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%81%e5%ae%83%e8%83%bd%e5%81%9a%e4%bb%bb%e4%bd%95%e4%ba%8b%e6%83%85%e5%91%a2%ef%bc%88%e9%80%82%e5%90%88%e5%88%9d%e5%ad%a6\/","title":{"rendered":"[Django] Django ORM \u7b80\u76f4\u5c31\u50cf\u9b54\u6cd5\uff01\u5b83\u80fd\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u5462\uff08\u9002\u5408\u521d\u5b66\u8005\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u8be5\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f (The purpose of this article)<\/h1>\n

\u8bd5\u7740\u5feb\u901f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0bDjango\u7684ORM\u3002<\/p>\n

ORM\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h1>\n

Django\u7684ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5728Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u6362\u6570\u636e\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528ORM\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728Python\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u5199SQL\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7acb\u523b\u53bb\u5b9e\u8df5\u90e8\u5206\u5427?<\/h1>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528Django ORM\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

from<\/span> django.db<\/span> import<\/span> models<\/span>\r\n\r\n# \u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\r\n<\/span>class<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> __str__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>title<\/span>\r\n\r\n# \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u53d6\u5f97\r\n<\/span>books<\/span> =<\/span> Book<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>()<\/span>  # \u5168\u3066\u306eBook\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3059\u308b\r\n<\/span>book<\/span> =<\/span> Book<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>pk<\/span>=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>  # pk=1\u306eBook\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3059\u308b\r\n<\/span>\r\n# \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\r\n<\/span>new_book<\/span> =<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>=<\/span>'<\/span>Django for Beginners<\/span>'<\/span>,<\/span> author<\/span>=<\/span>'<\/span>John Smith<\/span>'<\/span>,<\/span> published_date<\/span>=<\/span>'<\/span>2022-01-01<\/span>'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\nnew_book<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span>()<\/span>  # \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\r\n<\/span>\r\n# \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u66f4\u65b0\r\n<\/span>book<\/span>.<\/span>title<\/span> =<\/span> '<\/span>Django for Experts<\/span>'<\/span>\r\nbook<\/span>.<\/span>save<\/span>()<\/span>  # \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\r\n<\/span>\r\n# \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u524a\u9664\r\n<\/span>book<\/span>.<\/span>delete<\/span>()<\/span>  # \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u524a\u9664\u3059\u308b\r\n<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aBook\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ee7\u627fDjango\u7684models.Model\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4ee3\u8868\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
objects\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u503c<\/h3>\n
\u4f7f\u7528objects\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc7objects.all()\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7objects.get()\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u7279\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684Book\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528save()\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002\u8981\u66f4\u65b0\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u8c03\u7528save()\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8981\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u7528delete()\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
ORM\u771f\u662f\u592a\u5389\u5bb3\u4e86\u3002<\/h4>\n
\u4f7f\u7528ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u60a8\u5728\u6ca1\u6709SQL\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528Python\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0cDjango\u7684ORM\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u7f16\u5199\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n
from<\/span> django.db<\/span> import<\/span> models<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n    is_available<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u4e3ais_available\u5b57\u6bb5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u586b\u9879\u3002
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u60a8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3aCharField\u5b57\u6bb5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
from<\/span> django.db<\/span> import<\/span> models<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n    is_available<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3ais_available\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5fc5\u9700\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u60a8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3aCharField\u5b57\u6bb5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5173\u7cfb<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
class<\/span> Author<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    name<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    email<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>EmailField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>Author<\/span>,<\/span> on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86Book\u548cAuthor\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528ForeignKey\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49Book\u5bf9\u8c61\u548cAuthor\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9aon_delete\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5728\u5220\u9664\u7236\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n
books<\/span> =<\/span> Book<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>author__name<\/span>=<\/span>'<\/span>John Smith<\/span>'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528filter()\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u8457\u8005\u540d\u4e3a\u201cJohn Smith\u201d\u7684Book\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528__\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u5173\u7cfb\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6392\u5e8f<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n
books<\/span> =<\/span> Book<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>order_by<\/span>(<\/span>'<\/span>-published_date<\/span>'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528order_by()\u65b9\u6cd5\u6309\u7167published_date\u5b57\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6c47\u603b<\/h1>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u7684ORM\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u805a\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n
from<\/span> django.db.models<\/span> import<\/span> Count<\/span>\r\n\r\nauthors<\/span> =<\/span> Author<\/span>.<\/span>objects<\/span>.<\/span>annotate<\/span>(<\/span>num_books<\/span>=<\/span>Count<\/span>(<\/span>'<\/span>book<\/span>'<\/span>)).<\/span>order_by<\/span>(<\/span>'<\/span>-num_books<\/span>'<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528annotate()\u65b9\u6cd5\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3anum_books\u7684\u65b0\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u6570\u91cf\u3002
\nCount()\u51fd\u6570\u5219\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u5173\u8054\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002
\n\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528order_by()\u65b9\u6cd5\u6839\u636enum_books\u5b57\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7ecf\u7406<\/h1>\n
\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
class<\/span> BookManager<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Manager<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> get_queryset<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> super<\/span>().<\/span>get_queryset<\/span>().<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>is_available<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>Author<\/span>,<\/span> on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n    is_available<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    \r\n    objects<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>Manager<\/span>()<\/span> # \u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u306e\u30de\u30cd\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\r\n<\/span>    available_books<\/span> =<\/span> BookManager<\/span>()<\/span> # \u30ab\u30b9\u30bf\u30e0\u30de\u30cd\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\r\n<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aBookManager\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6is_available=True\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06BookManager\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3aavailable_books\u3002\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684objects\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528available_books\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h1>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
class<\/span> Book<\/span>(<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>Model<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n    title<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>CharField<\/span>(<\/span>max_length<\/span>=<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    author<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>Author<\/span>,<\/span> on_delete<\/span>=<\/span>models<\/span>.<\/span>CASCADE<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n    published_date<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>DateField<\/span>()<\/span>\r\n    is_available<\/span> =<\/span> models<\/span>.<\/span>BooleanField<\/span>(<\/span>default<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> is_new<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>published_date<\/span> ><\/span> datetime<\/span>.<\/span>date<\/span>.<\/span>today<\/span>()<\/span> -<\/span> datetime<\/span>.<\/span>timedelta<\/span>(<\/span>weeks<\/span>=<\/span>4<\/span>)<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3ais_new()\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
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P.S. \u54c7\u54e6\uff0cDjangoORM\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9b54\u6cd5\uff01<\/h1>\n
\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4f7f\u7528FastAPI\u8fdb\u884c\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728ORM\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86SQLAlchemy\u3002
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\nDjango\u7684ORM\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002
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