\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f Django Advent Calendar 2016 \u7684\u7b2c19\u5929\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7528\u4e8eGraphQL\u7684Python\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3agraphene\u7684\u5e93\u3002graphene\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6613\u7528\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\u5668\u5e93\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u53eb\u505agraphene-django\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2avenv\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n
$ ~\/ng\/home\/src\/develop\/pyvm\/pythons\/Python-3.5.2\/bin\/python3 -m venv env\r\n$ source env\/bin\/activate\r\n(env) $\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u4f7f\u7528pip\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u88c5\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ pip install graphene_django\r\nCollecting graphene-django\r\n Using cached graphene-django-1.2.1.tar.gz\r\nCollecting six>=1.10.0 (from graphene-django)\r\nCollecting graphene>=1.1.3 (from graphene-django)\r\n Using cached graphene-1.1.3.tar.gz\r\nCollecting Django>=1.6.0 (from graphene-django)\r\n Using cached Django-1.10.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl\r\nCollecting iso8601 (from graphene-django)\r\n Using cached iso8601-0.1.11-py2.py3-none-any.whl\r\nCollecting singledispatch>=3.4.0.3 (from graphene-django)\r\n Using cached singledispatch-3.4.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl\r\nCollecting graphql-core>=1.0.1 (from graphene>=1.1.3->graphene-django)\r\n Using cached graphql-core-1.0.1.tar.gz\r\nCollecting graphql-relay>=0.4.5 (from graphene>=1.1.3->graphene-django)\r\n Using cached graphql-relay-0.4.5.tar.gz\r\nCollecting promise>=1.0.1 (from graphene>=1.1.3->graphene-django)\r\n Using cached promise-1.0.1.tar.gz\r\nCollecting typing (from promise>=1.0.1->graphene>=1.1.3->graphene-django)\r\n Using cached typing-3.5.2.2.tar.gz\r\nInstalling collected packages: six, typing, promise, graphql-core, graphql-relay, graphene, Django, iso8601, singledispatch, graphene-django\r\n Running setup.py install for typing ... done\r\n Running setup.py install for promise ... done\r\n Running setup.py install for graphql-core ... done\r\n Running setup.py install for graphql-relay ... done\r\n Running setup.py install for graphene ... done\r\n Running setup.py install for graphene-django ... done\r\nSuccessfully installed Django-1.10.4 graphene-1.1.3 graphene-django-1.2.1 graphql-core-1.0.1 graphql-relay-0.4.5 iso8601-0.1.11 promise-1.0.1 singledispatch-3.4.0.3 six-1.10.0 typing-3.5.2.2\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u521b\u5efa\u9879\u76ee<\/h2>\n
\u4f7f\u7528 django-admin startproject \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u9879\u76ee\u3002
\n\u6682\u65f6\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a myproj\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ django-admin startproject myproj .\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ tree myproj\r\nmyproj\r\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py\r\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 settings.py\r\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 urls.py\r\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 wsgi.py\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u5b9a\u4e49schema<\/h2>\n
\u6211\u5c06\u5728myproj\/schema.py\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49API\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
import graphene\r\nfrom graphene_django import DjangoObjectType\r\nfrom django.contrib.auth import models as auth_models\r\n\r\n\r\nclass User(DjangoObjectType):\r\n class Meta:\r\n model = auth_models.User\r\n\r\n\r\nclass Query(graphene.ObjectType):\r\n users = graphene.List(User)\r\n\r\n @graphene.resolve_only_args\r\n def resolve_users(self):\r\n return auth_models.User.objects.all()\r\n\r\n\r\nschema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u5236\u4f5c\u6a21\u578b\u5f88\u7e41\u7410\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 django.contrib.auth.models.User()\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6dfb\u52a0\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h2>\n
\u6211\u5c06\u6dfb\u52a0\u914d\u7f6e\u4ee5\u652f\u6301Graphene Django\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c06 graphene_django \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 INSTALL_APPS \u4e2d<\/h3>\n
\u6211\u7684\u9879\u76ee\/settings.py::<\/p>\n
INSTALLED_APPS = [\r\n 'django.contrib.admin',\r\n 'django.contrib.auth',\r\n 'django.contrib.contenttypes',\r\n 'django.contrib.sessions',\r\n 'django.contrib.messages',\r\n 'django.contrib.staticfiles',\r\n 'graphene_django', # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n]\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u5c06GRAPHENE\u7684dotted name\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684dotted name\u3002<\/h3>\n
\u5728settings.py\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9adotted name\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8efoo.bar.baz\uff09\u5230\u5148\u524d\u521b\u5efa\u7684schema.py\u4e2d\u7684schema\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u7684\u9879\u76ee\/\u8bbe\u7f6e.py::<\/p>\n
GRAPHENE = {\r\n 'SCHEMA': 'myproj.schema.schema'\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u63a5\u6536GraphQL\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684URL<\/h2>\nfrom django.conf.urls import url\r\nfrom django.contrib import admin\r\n\r\nfrom graphene_django.views import GraphQLView # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n\r\nurlpatterns = [\r\n url(r'^admin\/', admin.site.urls),\r\n url(r'^graphql\/', GraphQLView.as_view(graphiql=True)), # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n]\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\nhttp:\/\/localhost:8000\/graphql\/ \u662f\u63a5\u53d7API\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684URL\u3002
\n\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3agraphiql\u7684\u754c\u9762\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u5efagraphql\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002
\n\u8bbe\u7f6egraphiql=True\u5373\u53ef\u542f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u542f\u52a8<\/h2>\n
\u642c\u8fc1\u540e\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u7740\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ python manage.py migrate\r\nOperations to perform:\r\n Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions\r\nRunning migrations:\r\n Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK\r\n Applying auth.0001_initial... OK\r\n Applying admin.0001_initial... OK\r\n Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK\r\n Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK\r\n Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK\r\n Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK\r\n Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK\r\n Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK\r\n Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK\r\n Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK\r\n Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK\r\n Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK\r\n(env) $\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u6211\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ python manage.py runserver\r\nPerforming system checks...\r\n\r\nSystem check identified no issues (0 silenced).\r\nDecember 20, 2016 - 13:28:32\r\nDjango version 1.10.4, using settings 'myproj.settings'\r\nStarting development server at http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/\r\nQuit the server with CONTROL-C.\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u4e2d\u8bbf\u95ee http:\/\/localhost:8000\/graphql\/\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u753b\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n
\u83b7\u5f97<\/h2>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n
(env) $ python manage.py createsuperuser\r\nUsername (leave blank to use 'sximada'): foo\r\nEmail address: test@example.com\r\nPassword:\r\nPassword (again):\r\nSuperuser created successfully.\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728GraphiQL\u754c\u9762\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u3002
\n\u5728\u5de6\u4fa7\u9762\u677f\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n
query {\r\n users {\r\n id\r\n username\r\n email\r\n isSuperuser\r\n isStaff\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8f93\u5165\u540e\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684\u64ad\u653e\u6309\u94ae\u3002
\n\u7136\u540e\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u9762\u677f\u4e0a\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"users\": [\r\n {\r\n \"id\": \"1\",\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"email\": \"test@example.com\",\r\n \"isSuperuser\": true,\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u6210\u529f\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5219\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"users\": [\r\n {\r\n \"id\": \"1\",\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"email\": \"test@example.com\",\r\n \"isSuperuser\": true,\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"id\": \"2\",\r\n \"username\": \"bar\",\r\n \"email\": \"test2@example.com\",\r\n \"isSuperuser\": true,\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u7531\u4e8eproj.schema.Query.resolve_users()\u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u5217\u5728\u4e00\u89c8\u4e2d\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
@graphene.resolve_only_args\r\n def resolve_users(self):\r\n return auth_models.User.objects.all() # <- \u30b3\u30b3\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u901a\u8fc7ID\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u83b7\u53d6\u3002<\/h2>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9aid\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\uff0c
\n\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5c06\u4fee\u6539myproj\/schema.py\u4e2d\u7684Query\u7c7b\u5982\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u7684\u9879\u76ee\/schema.py\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):\r\n user = graphene.Field(User, id=graphene.String()) # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n users = graphene.List(User)\r\n\r\n @graphene.resolve_only_args # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n def resolve_user(self, id): # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n return auth_models.User.objects.filter(pk=id).first() # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n\r\n @graphene.resolve_only_args\r\n def resolve_users(self):\r\n return auth_models.User.objects.all()\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n
query {\r\n user(id: \"1\") {\r\n id\r\n username\r\n email\r\n isSuperuser\r\n isStaff\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8fd0\u884c\u540e\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"user\": {\r\n \"id\": \"1\",\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"email\": \"test@example.com\",\r\n \"isSuperuser\": true,\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8fd9\u6b21\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7ID\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981email\uff0c\u8bf7\u5c06\u5176\u4ece\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\uff0cAPI\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56deemail\u3002
\n\u7531\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6307\u5b9a\u60f3\u8981\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981email\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5206\u6790\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u66f4\u6539\u4e2d\uff0c
\n\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e0\u9700\u5bf9API\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u5373\u53ef\u83b7\u53d6\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7701\u7565\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u5c0f\u9a7c\u5cf0\u5f0f\u547d\u540d\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5355\u8eab\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u72ec\u81ea\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f34\u4fa3\u3002<\/p>\n
auth_user.is_superuser \u2192 isSuperuser<\/p>\n
auth_user.is_staff \u2192 iStaffr<\/p>\n
\u5982\u679cid\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528 .first() \u5c06\u8fd4\u56deNone\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210null\u3002<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2::<\/p>\n
query {\r\n user(id: \"6589645936543\") {\r\n id\r\n username\r\n email\r\n isSuperuser\r\n isStaff\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"user\": null\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/h2>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\uff1a<\/p>\n
query {\r\n user(id: \"1\") {\r\n id\r\n username\r\n email\r\n isSuperuser\r\n isStaff\r\n }\r\n users {\r\n id\r\n username\r\n lastLogin\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"user\": {\r\n \"id\": \"1\",\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"email\": \"test@example.com\",\r\n \"isSuperuser\": true,\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n },\r\n \"users\": [\r\n {\r\n \"id\": \"1\",\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"lastLogin\": null\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"id\": \"2\",\r\n \"username\": \"bar\",\r\n \"lastLogin\": null\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/h2>\n
\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5c0d\u5148\u524d\u7684\u7528\u6236\u9032\u884c\u7be9\u9078\u4ee5\u9032\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n
import graphene\r\nfrom graphene_django import DjangoObjectType\r\nfrom graphene_django.filter import DjangoFilterConnectionField # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n\r\nfrom django.contrib.auth import models as auth_models\r\n\r\n\r\nclass User(DjangoObjectType):\r\n class Meta:\r\n model = auth_models.User\r\n filter_fields = ('username', 'email', 'is_staff') # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n interfaces = (graphene.relay.Node,) # <- \u8ffd\u52a0\r\n\r\n\r\nclass Query(graphene.ObjectType):\r\n user = graphene.Field(User, id=graphene.String())\r\n users = DjangoFilterConnectionField(User) # <- \u5909\u66f4\r\n\r\n @graphene.resolve_only_args\r\n def resolve_user(self, id):\r\n return auth_models.User.objects.filter(pk=id).first()\r\n\r\n # resolve_users()\u30e1\u30bd\u30c3\u30c9\u306f\u524a\u9664\r\n\r\nschema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u5728 `filter_fields` \u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\u3002
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/p>\n
\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n
query {\r\n users(isStaff: true) {\r\n edges {\r\n node {\r\n username\r\n email\r\n isStaff\r\n }\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n“\u6307\u5b9a isStaff: true\u3002\u53ea\u8fd4\u56de\u5e26\u6709\u5458\u5de5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7528\u6237\u3002”<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"users\": {\r\n \"edges\": [\r\n {\r\n \"node\": {\r\n \"username\": \"foo\",\r\n \"email\": \"test@example.com\",\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"node\": {\r\n \"username\": \"bar\",\r\n \"email\": \"test2@example.com\",\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u5c06foo\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u5c5e\u6027\u79fb\u9664\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
{\r\n \"data\": {\r\n \"users\": {\r\n \"edges\": [\r\n {\r\n \"node\": {\r\n \"username\": \"bar\",\r\n \"email\": \"test2@example.com\",\r\n \"isStaff\": true\r\n }\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u7ba1\u7406<\/h2>\n
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\u53ea\u8981\u6839\u636e\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e1c\u897f\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u5462\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u5b8c\u6210\u591a\u6b21\u8c03\u7528API\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u3002
\nGraphQL \u662f Facebook \u516c\u5f00\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 Relay \u4f7f\u7528\u3002
\n\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u60f3\u518d\u73a9\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u4f7f\u7528Django\u548cgraphene_django\u6784\u5efaGraphQL API\u3002 \u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f Django Adv […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n
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