What are the uses of dynamic_cast in C++?

dynamic_cast is primarily used for performing type conversions at runtime, and checks the safety of the conversion during the process. Here are some common uses of dynamic_cast:

1. This is used to convert a base class pointer or reference to a derived class pointer or reference.
2. Use for safe downcasting in polymorphic inheritance.
3. Used to determine the actual type of an object at runtime.
4. In a class hierarchy that doesn’t involve virtual functions, instead of returning nullptr, it will throw a std::bad_cast exception.
5. Used for safe type conversions in the case of using class inheritance and polymorphism.

It should be noted that dynamic_cast can only be used with classes that have polymorphism, meaning the base class must have at least one virtual function. If the base class does not have any virtual functions, dynamic_cast cannot be used for type conversion, and static_cast can be considered as an alternative.