What are the operational rules of the XOR operator in C++?

The operational rules of the XOR operator (^) in C++ are as follows:

1. If both operands are of integer type, the bitwise XOR operation is performed, which means that each corresponding binary bit of the two operands is XORed. If the corresponding binary bits are the same, the result is 0; if they are different, the result is 1.
2. If both operands are boolean types, the logical XOR operation is performed, in which the result is true only when one of the operands is true, otherwise the result is false.
3. If one operand is an integer type and the other operand is a boolean type, the boolean type will be converted to an integer type, and then bitwise XOR operation will be performed.
4. If one operand is a pointer type and the other is an integer type, the integer type will be converted to a pointer type before performing a bitwise XOR operation.

It’s important to note that the XOR operator in C++ does not perform short-circuit evaluation, meaning it will always evaluate both operands regardless of the truth value of the first operand.