How to implement database sharding and partitioning in MySQL?

There are several ways to implement sharding in MySQL, such as:

1. Vertical sharding: Splitting database tables vertically based on business modules or functions, with each database or table responsible for only a portion of the data. By storing different data tables in separate databases based on business needs, this can enhance concurrency performance and management flexibility.
2. Horizontal sharding involves splitting data rows based on a certain field (such as user ID, order ID, etc.) and dispersing them across different tables. By utilizing sharding rules, data can be evenly distributed among various tables, ultimately improving query and write performance.
3. Middleware for sharding and partitioning: Use middleware like MyCAT or Sharding-Sphere to implement sharding and partitioning functionality. These middleware can automatically distribute data to different databases and tables based on configuration rules, while also providing features such as high availability and horizontal scaling.
4. Database sharding involves dividing the entire database cluster into multiple shards, with each shard running independently. Shards are divided based on different data characteristics, and each shard can contain multiple database nodes. Each node is responsible for a portion of the data and requests are routed to the corresponding node through a shard router.

Regardless of the chosen method, decision-making should be based on business needs and practical situations. This involves database architecture design, data migration, data consistency, query routing, etc., which require thorough planning and testing.