How can process synchronization and mutual exclusion be implemented in Linux?

In Linux, process synchronization and mutual exclusion can be achieved through semaphores, mutex locks, and condition variables.

1. Semaphore: Semaphores can be used to achieve process synchronization and mutual exclusion. Initialize the semaphore using the sem_init() function, then use the sem_wait() and sem_post() functions to operate on the semaphore, achieving process synchronization and mutual exclusion.
2. Mutex: Mutex can be used to achieve mutual exclusion between processes. Initialize mutex using pthread_mutex_init() function, then use pthread_mutex_lock() and pthread_mutex_unlock() functions to lock and unlock the mutex, achieving mutual exclusion between processes.
3. Condition variables:
   Condition variables can be used to achieve process synchronization. Initialize the condition variable using the pthread_cond_init() function, and then use pthread_cond_wait() and pthread_cond_signal() functions to implement process waiting and waking operations, achieving process synchronization.

These methods can all achieve process synchronization and mutual exclusion in Linux, with the specific choice depending on the application scenario and requirements.