Android System Architecture Explained

The main components of the Android system architecture include the following:

1. The Android operating system is built on a Linux kernel, which provides low-level hardware drivers and system resource management functions.
2. Libraries: Consisting of a series of C/C++ libraries, they provide the necessary functionalities for Android applications, such as graphic rendering, database access, and network communication.
3. Android Runtime (ART): Responsible for executing the bytecode of Android applications, including the Dalvik virtual machine which is gradually being replaced by ART starting from Android 5.0.
4. Application Framework: Offers a variety of APIs and services to enable developers to easily create applications, including activity management, resource management, notification systems, content providers, and more.
5. Applications refer to both the pre-installed programs on the system and those installed by the user, such as contacts, browsers, cameras, and emails.
6. User Interface (UI): This includes system UI components and user interaction interfaces, such as window managers, input methods, and notification bars.
7. The Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) provides a standardized interface for communication between the Android system and hardware drivers.
8. Kernel Hardware Abstraction Layer (KHAL): It provides an interface between the Android system and the Linux kernel, allowing the Android system to run on different hardware platforms.