How to handle an excessive number of MySQL connections?

When there are too many MySQL connections, the following options can be considered:

1. Adjusting the maximum connection settings for MySQL: You can increase the maximum number of connections by modifying the max_connections parameter in the MySQL configuration file. However, it is important to note that too high of a connection number may lead to a decrease in MySQL performance or excessive consumption of system resources, so it is necessary to set it reasonably based on the actual situation.
2. Enhance the way the program connects to the database by utilizing connection pooling to manage database connections, avoiding the need to create and destroy connections every time thereby reducing the number of connections. Additionally, consider using persistent connections, where connections are not closed after each use but returned to the connection pool for future use, reducing the need for connection creation and destruction.
3. Review and optimize database query statements: In high concurrent situations, database query statements may become a bottleneck, leading to an excessive number of connections. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize database query statements, such as adding indexes, optimizing complex queries, reducing unnecessary queries, etc., to improve query efficiency.
4. If the above optimization measures are still unable to meet the connection requirements, consider increasing hardware resources such as adding CPU and memory to improve overall system performance and support more connections.
5. Distributed database solution: If there are too many connections and a single MySQL instance is unable to meet the requirements, consider using a distributed database solution to distribute data storage across multiple database nodes, thereby increasing concurrency and connection capacity.

It is necessary to select the appropriate way of handling based on the specific situation, and to consider and optimize comprehensively.